Research Articles &amp; Lab Insights

9-ME-BC

9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline): A β-Carboline Research Compound in Dopaminergic and Neuroprotection Studies Research summary. 9-Me-BC (9-methyl-β-carboline) is a small-molecule research compound from the β-carboline alkaloid family. It is not a peptide but is included alongside peptides in research-supplier catalogues for its preclinical activity in dopaminergic neuroscience research. The β-carboline family is biologically heterogeneous — some members […]

NAD

NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide): A Foundational Coenzyme in Metabolic and Aging Research Research summary. NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not a peptide but is included alongside peptides in research-supplier catalogues because of its central role in mitochondrial bioenergetics, sirtuin biology, and aging-related research. NAD⁺ is a dinucleotide cofactor consisting of two nucleotides — one carrying […]

N-Acetyl-Semax-Amidate

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate: A Stabilised ACTH(4-10)-Derived Heptapeptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a chemically protected analogue of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide originally developed in Russia as an analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10. The N-acetyl C-amide modifications cap both peptide termini, extending stability against aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase clearance and producing an analogue with […]

N-Acetyl-Selank-Amidate

N-Acetyl Selank Amidate: A Stabilised Analogue of the Tuftsin-Derived Russian Anxiolytic Peptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Selank Amidate is a chemically protected analogue of Selank, a heptapeptide developed at the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences as a synthetic analogue of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin. The N-acetyl C-amidate modifications cap both peptide termini, blocking aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase […]

N-Acetyl-Epithalon-Amidate

N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate: A Stabilised N-Terminal-Acetylated Analogue of the AEDG Tetrapeptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate is a chemically modified analogue of the Khavinson tetrapeptide Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG). It is generated by N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation of the parent sequence — modifications intended to extend metabolic stability and reduce exopeptidase clearance compared with the […]

MOTS-C

MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in Metabolic and Aging Research Research summary. MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-residue peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene rather than the nuclear genome. It is the most extensively characterised member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) family, alongside humanin and the SHLP series. […]

MOD-GRF-1-29

Mod GRF 1-29 (CJC-1295 without DAC): A Stabilised GHRH(1-29) Analogue Research summary. Modified GRF (Mod GRF) 1-29, also known as CJC-1295 without DAC, is a 29-residue truncated and amino-acid-substituted analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It is a research-grade GHRH agonist used in growth-hormone-axis studies as a short-acting counterpart to CJC-1295 with DAC (the long-acting albumin-binding […]

MK-677

MK-677 (Ibutamoren): An Orally Active Non-Peptide Ghrelin Receptor Agonist Research summary. MK-677 (development code MK-0677, also known as ibutamoren and L-163,191) is an orally bioavailable, long-acting ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, GHSR-1a) agonist. Unlike the peptide secretagogues GHRP-2, GHRP-6, hexarelin, and ipamorelin, MK-677 is a non-peptide spiropiperidine small molecule. It was developed at […]

MGF

MGF (Mechano-Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec): The Mechanically Induced IGF-1 Splice Variant Research summary. Mechano-Growth Factor (MGF), also known as IGF-1Ec, is a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) that is upregulated in skeletal muscle in response to mechanical loading and damage. It is generated through alternative splicing of the IGF1 gene, distinguished from the […]

Mezdutide

Mezdutide (Mazdutide, IBI362): A GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Receptor Agonist in Late-Stage Metabolic Research Research summary. Mezdutide (also written mazdutide; development codes IBI362, OXM3) is an investigational dual agonist peptide that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and the glucagon receptor. It is being developed by Innovent Biologics, originally licensed from Eli Lilly's oxyntomodulin-analogue programme. Within […]

Methylene-blue

Methylene Blue: A Century-Old Synthetic Phenothiazinium with Modern Mitochondrial-Research Applications Research summary. Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride) is not a peptide but is included in research-supplier catalogues alongside peptide compounds because of its activity in mitochondrial and neuroscience research models. It is one of the oldest synthetic medicines still in clinical use: originally developed as a […]

Melanotan-2

Melanotan 2 (MT-II): A Cyclic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Studied in Pigmentation, Appetite, and Sexual-Behaviour Models Research summary. Melanotan 2 (MT-II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It was developed in the 1980s at the University of Arizona during a research programme exploring melanocortin receptor pharmacology and photoprotective pigmentation. Compared with native […]

LL-37

LL-37 (CAP-18): The Sole Human Cathelicidin and Its Role in Innate Immunity Research summary. LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, generated by C-terminal cleavage of the precursor protein hCAP-18. It is studied across an unusually broad range of biological contexts — direct antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, immunomodulation in inflammatory […]

Livagen

Livagen: A Short Peptide Bioregulator with Reported Effects on Chromatin Decondensation Research summary. Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) is a tetrapeptide member of the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator family, closely related in design and provenance to other "Khavinson peptides" such as Epithalon, Vilon, Cortagen, and Pinealon. The published research programme on Livagen is centred on reports that the peptide […]

Liraglutide

Liraglutide: An Acylated GLP-1 Analogue with Extended Pharmacokinetics Research summary. Liraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist generated by single amino acid substitution and attachment of a C16 fatty acid (palmitoyl) chain to the parent GLP-1(7-37) backbone via a γ-glutamic acid spacer. The acylation drives non-covalent albumin binding and slows enzymatic degradation, producing […]

Lemon-Bottle

Lemon Bottle: An Injectable Lipolytic Formulation in the Aesthetic-Research Landscape Research summary. Lemon Bottle is a marketed injectable lipolytic formulation positioned for localised subcutaneous adipose contour refinement. Promotional materials describe a multi-component blend of riboflavin (vitamin B2), lecithin (a phospholipid fraction), and bromelain (a proteolytic enzyme complex), and the product is typically framed as a […]

Larazotide-Acetate

Larazotide Acetate: A Tight-Junction-Regulating Octapeptide for Intestinal Barrier Research Research summary. Larazotide acetate (INN-202; AT-1001) is a synthetic octapeptide designed to regulate intestinal tight junctions and reduce pathological epithelial permeability. It was derived from the N-terminal region of human fetal zonulin and is best known as the most clinically advanced peptide candidate for celiac disease, […]

KPV-Alpha-MSH

KPV: The C-Terminal Tripeptide of α-MSH as a Research Anti-Inflammatory Research summary. KPV (lysine-proline-valine) is the C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and corresponds to ACTH(11–13). Despite its minimal three-residue size, KPV retains a substantial portion of the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent α-MSH while lacking the pigment-inducing activity of the larger peptide. The […]