BonesLabs Blog
Updates on our supply, methodology references, and notes from the bench — written by the BonesLabs team for the research community.
Vilon: A Khavinson Dipeptide Bioregulator (Lys-Glu) Research summary. Vilon is a short dipeptide (Lys-Glu; KE) developed within the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" research programme in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is among the smallest peptides reported to have biological activity in that framework. Within the originating programme, Vilon has been described as immunomodulatory — reportedly acting on […]
Vesugen: A Khavinson Tripeptide Bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) Research summary. Vesugen is a short tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp; KED) developed within the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" research programme in St. Petersburg, Russia. Within that framework, it is described as a vascular-tropic bioregulator with reported effects on endothelial function, atherosclerotic-process markers, and downstream consequences such as neuroprotection in the central nervous […]
Vesilute: A Khavinson Dipeptide Bioregulator Research summary. Vesilute is a short dipeptide (Glu-Asp) developed within the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" research programme in St. Petersburg, Russia. Within that framework, it is described as having organotropic activity for the urinary bladder and prostate, with reported effects on smooth-muscle tone, microcirculation, and tissue homeostasis in genitourinary tissues. As […]
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP): A 28-Residue Class B GPCR Ligand Research summary. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-residue endogenous neuropeptide first isolated from porcine intestine in 1970 by Said and Mutt. It is a member of the secretin/glucagon peptide superfamily and signals primarily through the class B G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 (and, […]
Triptorelin: A Synthetic GnRH Decapeptide Agonist Research summary. Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in which the natural glycine at position 6 is replaced by D-tryptophan, producing a long-acting agonist of the GnRH receptor. Continuous (non-pulsatile) administration produces an initial flare followed by sustained suppression of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and […]
Triblend (BPC-157 / TB-500 / KPV): A Research Peptide Combination for Tissue-Repair Models Research summary. A "triblend" of BPC-157, TB-500 (thymosin beta-4), and KPV is a research-grade preparation combining three peptides commonly used in tissue-repair and inflammation research. The pharmacological rationale is that the three components act through distinct, non-overlapping mechanisms — angiogenesis and gut-mucosal […]
Tirzepatide: A GIP / GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist Research summary. Tirzepatide is a once-weekly synthetic peptide developed by Eli Lilly that acts as a dual agonist at the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the GLP-1 receptor. It was approved by the FDA in 2022 as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and in 2023 as […]
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH / Protirelin): A Hypothalamic Tripeptide Research summary. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also known by its synthetic-equivalent INN protirelin, is a hypothalamic tripeptide that triggers release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. It is one of the smallest biologically active peptides — Pyr-His-Pro-NH₂, a single tripeptide modified at both termini […]
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin): A 28-Residue Immunomodulatory Thymic Peptide Research summary. Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide originally isolated from the thymus by Allan Goldstein and colleagues in the 1970s. Its synthetic equivalent, thymalfasin, has been used clinically for decades across more than thirty countries (though not in the United States) as an immunomodulator in […]
Thymagen (Thymogen): A Khavinson-Family Dipeptide Bioregulator Studied in Immune-Function Models Research summary. Thymagen, also marketed in Russia under the name Thymogen, is the dipeptide Glu-Trp (EW), the smallest member of the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" family. It was originally isolated as an active fragment of larger thymic-extract preparations and is now produced synthetically. The published Russian […]
Testagen: A Khavinson Tetrapeptide Bioregulator Studied in Pituitary-Thyroid-Gonadal Axis Models Research summary. Testagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide belonging to the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" family, with reported effects centred on the pituitary gland and downstream pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal axis endpoints. Like other members of the Khavinson tripeptide and tetrapeptide series, the proposed mechanism centres on direct […]
Tesamorelin: A Stabilised GHRH(1–44) Analogue Approved for HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Research summary. Tesamorelin is a stabilised synthetic analogue of full-length human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH, residues 1–44), modified at the N-terminus with a trans-3-hexenoyl group to confer resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 cleavage. It is the only GHRH analogue currently FDA-approved as a marketed drug, having been […]
Tesamorelin & Ipamorelin Blend: A Research GHRH/GHRP Combination Research summary. A "tesamorelin-and-ipamorelin blend" is a research-grade preparation combining a GHRH-axis agonist (tesamorelin) with a ghrelin-mimetic / GHS-R1a agonist (ipamorelin) in a single formulation. The pharmacological rationale is the well-characterised synergy between these two pituitary-GH-release pathways: GHRH-receptor agonism and ghrelin-receptor agonism converge on somatotroph GH release […]
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4): An Actin-Sequestering Peptide Studied in Tissue Repair Research summary. Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500) is a 43-amino-acid peptide present in essentially all mammalian cells, where it is the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family. Its primary biochemical function is sequestration of monomeric G-actin — TB-500 maintains a large pool of unpolymerised actin available […]
Survodutide (BI 456906): A Dual GLP-1 / Glucagon Receptor Agonist Research summary. Survodutide is a once-weekly synthetic peptide developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma as a dual agonist at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Mechanistically it occupies an intermediate position between GLP-1 monoagonists (semaglutide) and the GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple agonist retatrutide: it adds glucagon-receptor agonism […]
SS-31 (Elamipretide / MTP-131): A Mitochondria-Targeted Cardiolipin-Binding Peptide Research summary. SS-31, also known by its INN elamipretide and the developmental codes MTP-131 and Bendavia, is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide developed at Cornell University in the laboratory of Hazel Szeto. It is the prototype of the "Szeto-Schiller" peptide family, designed to selectively accumulate in the inner […]
SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3): A Cosmetic Peptide for Topical Anti-Wrinkle Formulations Research summary. SNAP-8, also known by the INCI name acetyl octapeptide-3 (or acetyl glutamyl heptapeptide-1), is a synthetic eight-amino-acid cosmetic peptide developed as a topical-formulation alternative in the "muscle-relaxant peptide" cosmetic class. It is designed to interfere with SNARE-complex-mediated neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction […]
SLU-PP-332: An ERR Pan-Agonist Studied as an Exercise Mimetic Research summary. SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule (not a peptide) developed at Saint Louis University as a pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family — ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ. ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors that drive transcriptional programmes in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty-acid […]
Sermorelin: A GHRH(1–29) Analogue Used in Growth Hormone Research Research summary. Sermorelin is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 29 amino acid residues of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the bioactive N-terminal fragment that retains full receptor-activating activity. It was historically marketed in the United States as Geref for the diagnostic evaluation of pituitary […]
Semax: A Synthetic ACTH(4–10) Analogue Studied for Neuroprotection Research summary. Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Russia, structurally based on residues 4–10 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension to extend stability. It is included on the Russian Vital and Essential Drugs list and has been […]
Semaglutide (Duplicate Entry) Note. This entry is a duplicate listing of Semaglutide that appeared a second time in the source catalogue. The full research write-up — covering molecular profile, GLP-1 receptor pharmacology, the SUSTAIN and STEP clinical-trial programmes, and the cardiovascular and weight-management indications — is consolidated under the primary Semaglutide entry. Please refer to […]
Selank: A Synthetic Tuftsin Analogue Studied for Anxiolytic Activity Research summary. Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics, structurally derived from the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin with an added Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide sequence to extend metabolic stability. The added C-terminal sequence prolongs plasma half-life from minutes to hours, enabling intranasal administration […]
Retatrutide (LY3437943): A Triple GLP-1 / GIP / Glucagon Receptor Agonist Research summary. Retatrutide is a once-weekly synthetic peptide developed by Eli Lilly that acts as a triple agonist at the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. It represents the next evolutionary step beyond GLP-1 monoagonists (semaglutide, liraglutide) and the GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide, adding glucagon-receptor […]
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Approved for HSDD Research summary. PT-141, also known by its INN bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) lineage. It binds preferentially to MC4R with additional activity at MC1R. Bremelanotide was approved by the FDA in 2019 under the trade name […]
Prostamax: A Khavinson Tetrapeptide Bioregulator Studied in Prostate Tissue Models Research summary. Prostamax is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro / KEDP) belonging to the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" family. The published literature describes effects on heterochromatin condensation, lymphocyte function, and prostate-tissue inflammation endpoints in rodent models. As with the rest of the Khavinson tripeptide and tetrapeptide series, […]
PNC-27: A Membranolytic Anti-Cancer Peptide Targeting HDM-2 Research summary. PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide consisting of an HDM-2 binding domain (corresponding to residues 12–26 of the p53 tumour-suppressor protein) fused to a membrane-penetrating sequence. It was developed at SUNY Downstate Medical Center by Pincus and Michl, originally in the context of HIV research, and […]
Pinealon: A Khavinson Tripeptide Bioregulator Studied for Neuroprotection Research summary. Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) belonging to the Khavinson "peptide bioregulator" family developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. The proposed mechanism — direct interaction with chromatin and gene-expression modulation rather than canonical receptor binding — is unusual relative to most […]
PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano-Growth Factor): A Half-Life-Extended IGF-1Ec C-Terminal Peptide Research summary. PEG-MGF is a polyethylene-glycol (PEG)-conjugated form of MGF (Mechano-Growth Factor), the synthetic peptide corresponding to the unique C-terminal E-domain of the IGF-1Ec splice variant. PEGylation is added to address the very short plasma half-life of unmodified MGF E-domain peptide, extending in vivo exposure and […]
PE-22-28: A Spadin-Derived TREK-1 Channel Blocker in Antidepressant Research Research summary. PE-22-28 is a synthetic short peptide derivative of spadin, an endogenous peptide produced from cleavage of the sortilin (NTSR3) propeptide. Both spadin and PE-22-28 act as inhibitors of the TREK-1 (TWIK-related potassium channel-1) two-pore-domain potassium channel, which is highly expressed in CNS regions implicated […]
Pancragen (KEDW Tetrapeptide): A Khavinson Bioregulator with Reported Pancreatic Tropism Research summary. Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, KEDW) developed within the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator programme, with reported tissue tropism for the pancreas. It sits within the broader Khavinson family of tissue-tropic short peptides (Cardiogen, Bronchogen, Cortagen, Ovagen, Pinealon, Vesugen, Prostamax) and shares the […]
P21 (P021): An Adamantylated Peptidomimetic Derived from Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Research summary. P21 (also written P021) is a small synthetic peptidomimetic derived from the most active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). It consists of a tetrapeptide based on residues 148–151 of CNTF (Asp-Gly-Gly-Leu) modified with an adamantylated glycine intended to enhance proteolytic stability and […]
Oxytocin: A Nine-Residue Posterior-Pituitary Neuropeptide with Dual Hormone and Neuropeptide Roles Research summary. Oxytocin is a nine-residue cyclic peptide hormone synthesised primarily by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and released into systemic circulation by the posterior pituitary. It also functions as a CNS neuropeptide acting locally within the brain. Oxytocin has […]
Ovagen (EDL Tripeptide): A Khavinson Bioregulator with Reported Hepatic and GI-Mucosal Activity Research summary. Ovagen is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Leu, EDL) developed within the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator programme, with reported tissue tropism for the liver and gastrointestinal tract. It is not to be confused with another product marketed under a similar name containing ovine […]
Orforglipron: An Oral Non-Peptide Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Research summary. Orforglipron is an investigational oral, non-peptide, small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist being developed by Eli Lilly. It represents one of the most clinically advanced examples of a strategic shift in the GLP-1-class incretin landscape: replacing parenteral peptide-based GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide) with orally bioavailable […]
Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1): A Hypothalamic Neuropeptide in Wakefulness and Sleep-State Research Research summary. Orexin-A (also known as hypocretin-1) is a 33-residue hypothalamic neuropeptide produced from the prepro-orexin precursor, which also gives rise to orexin-B (hypocretin-2). The orexin system is one of the dominant systems for stabilising wakefulness and inhibiting inappropriate transitions into rapid eye movement (REM) […]
Noopept (GVS-111, N-Phenylacetyl-L-Prolylglycine Ethyl Ester): A Dipeptide Cognition-Research Compound Research summary. Noopept (development code GVS-111; chemical name N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) is a small dipeptide-derived research compound originally developed in Russia as a structural analogue and pharmacological successor to the racetam-class nootropic piracetam. It is a dipeptide ester of phenylacetic acid linked to L-proline-glycine, and is […]
9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline): A β-Carboline Research Compound in Dopaminergic and Neuroprotection Studies Research summary. 9-Me-BC (9-methyl-β-carboline) is a small-molecule research compound from the β-carboline alkaloid family. It is not a peptide but is included alongside peptides in research-supplier catalogues for its preclinical activity in dopaminergic neuroscience research. The β-carboline family is biologically heterogeneous — some members […]
NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide): A Foundational Coenzyme in Metabolic and Aging Research Research summary. NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not a peptide but is included alongside peptides in research-supplier catalogues because of its central role in mitochondrial bioenergetics, sirtuin biology, and aging-related research. NAD⁺ is a dinucleotide cofactor consisting of two nucleotides — one carrying […]
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate: A Stabilised ACTH(4-10)-Derived Heptapeptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a chemically protected analogue of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide originally developed in Russia as an analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10. The N-acetyl C-amide modifications cap both peptide termini, extending stability against aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase clearance and producing an analogue with […]
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate: A Stabilised Analogue of the Tuftsin-Derived Russian Anxiolytic Peptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Selank Amidate is a chemically protected analogue of Selank, a heptapeptide developed at the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences as a synthetic analogue of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin. The N-acetyl C-amidate modifications cap both peptide termini, blocking aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase […]
N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate: A Stabilised N-Terminal-Acetylated Analogue of the AEDG Tetrapeptide Research summary. N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate is a chemically modified analogue of the Khavinson tetrapeptide Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG). It is generated by N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation of the parent sequence — modifications intended to extend metabolic stability and reduce exopeptidase clearance compared with the […]
MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide in Metabolic and Aging Research Research summary. MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-residue peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene rather than the nuclear genome. It is the most extensively characterised member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) family, alongside humanin and the SHLP series. […]
Mod GRF 1-29 (CJC-1295 without DAC): A Stabilised GHRH(1-29) Analogue Research summary. Modified GRF (Mod GRF) 1-29, also known as CJC-1295 without DAC, is a 29-residue truncated and amino-acid-substituted analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It is a research-grade GHRH agonist used in growth-hormone-axis studies as a short-acting counterpart to CJC-1295 with DAC (the long-acting albumin-binding […]
MK-677 (Ibutamoren): An Orally Active Non-Peptide Ghrelin Receptor Agonist Research summary. MK-677 (development code MK-0677, also known as ibutamoren and L-163,191) is an orally bioavailable, long-acting ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, GHSR-1a) agonist. Unlike the peptide secretagogues GHRP-2, GHRP-6, hexarelin, and ipamorelin, MK-677 is a non-peptide spiropiperidine small molecule. It was developed at […]
MGF (Mechano-Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec): The Mechanically Induced IGF-1 Splice Variant Research summary. Mechano-Growth Factor (MGF), also known as IGF-1Ec, is a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) that is upregulated in skeletal muscle in response to mechanical loading and damage. It is generated through alternative splicing of the IGF1 gene, distinguished from the […]
Mezdutide (Mazdutide, IBI362): A GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Receptor Agonist in Late-Stage Metabolic Research Research summary. Mezdutide (also written mazdutide; development codes IBI362, OXM3) is an investigational dual agonist peptide that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and the glucagon receptor. It is being developed by Innovent Biologics, originally licensed from Eli Lilly's oxyntomodulin-analogue programme. Within […]
Methylene Blue: A Century-Old Synthetic Phenothiazinium with Modern Mitochondrial-Research Applications Research summary. Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride) is not a peptide but is included in research-supplier catalogues alongside peptide compounds because of its activity in mitochondrial and neuroscience research models. It is one of the oldest synthetic medicines still in clinical use: originally developed as a […]
Melanotan 2 (MT-II): A Cyclic Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Studied in Pigmentation, Appetite, and Sexual-Behaviour Models Research summary. Melanotan 2 (MT-II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It was developed in the 1980s at the University of Arizona during a research programme exploring melanocortin receptor pharmacology and photoprotective pigmentation. Compared with native […]
LL-37 (CAP-18): The Sole Human Cathelicidin and Its Role in Innate Immunity Research summary. LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, generated by C-terminal cleavage of the precursor protein hCAP-18. It is studied across an unusually broad range of biological contexts — direct antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, immunomodulation in inflammatory […]
Livagen: A Short Peptide Bioregulator with Reported Effects on Chromatin Decondensation Research summary. Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) is a tetrapeptide member of the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator family, closely related in design and provenance to other "Khavinson peptides" such as Epithalon, Vilon, Cortagen, and Pinealon. The published research programme on Livagen is centred on reports that the peptide […]
Liraglutide: An Acylated GLP-1 Analogue with Extended Pharmacokinetics Research summary. Liraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist generated by single amino acid substitution and attachment of a C16 fatty acid (palmitoyl) chain to the parent GLP-1(7-37) backbone via a γ-glutamic acid spacer. The acylation drives non-covalent albumin binding and slows enzymatic degradation, producing […]
Lemon Bottle: An Injectable Lipolytic Formulation in the Aesthetic-Research Landscape Research summary. Lemon Bottle is a marketed injectable lipolytic formulation positioned for localised subcutaneous adipose contour refinement. Promotional materials describe a multi-component blend of riboflavin (vitamin B2), lecithin (a phospholipid fraction), and bromelain (a proteolytic enzyme complex), and the product is typically framed as a […]
Larazotide Acetate: A Tight-Junction-Regulating Octapeptide for Intestinal Barrier Research Research summary. Larazotide acetate (INN-202; AT-1001) is a synthetic octapeptide designed to regulate intestinal tight junctions and reduce pathological epithelial permeability. It was derived from the N-terminal region of human fetal zonulin and is best known as the most clinically advanced peptide candidate for celiac disease, […]
KPV: The C-Terminal Tripeptide of α-MSH as a Research Anti-Inflammatory Research summary. KPV (lysine-proline-valine) is the C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and corresponds to ACTH(11–13). Despite its minimal three-residue size, KPV retains a substantial portion of the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent α-MSH while lacking the pigment-inducing activity of the larger peptide. The […]
KLOWS-8: A Composite Research Blend Combining KLOW with SNAP-8 Research summary. KLOWS-8 is a research-grade composite preparation that extends the four-peptide KLOW blend (GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, KPV) by adding a fifth component: SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3). The composite is conceptually positioned as a multi-pathway research tool spanning matrix remodelling, cell migration, protective/repair signalling, inflammation modulation, and […]
KLOW: A Four-Peptide Research Blend Spanning Repair, Remodelling, and Inflammation Pathways Research summary. KLOW is a research-grade multi-peptide preparation that combines four well-characterised peptides — GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 (thymosin β4), and KPV — into a single formulation. The blend is designed around the working hypothesis that recovery and tissue maintenance involve multiple non-redundant signalling axes […]
Kisspeptin-10: A Hypothalamic Decapeptide Regulator of the Reproductive Axis Research summary. Kisspeptin-10 is a C-terminal decapeptide fragment of the kisspeptin family of peptides encoded by the KISS1 gene. It is the shortest fragment that retains full agonist activity at the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R, formerly GPR54) and has become a foundational research tool for studying the […]
Ipamorelin: A Selective Pentapeptide Growth Hormone Secretagogue Research summary. Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue developed in the 1990s. It distinguished itself from earlier GHRPs (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, hexarelin) through its highly selective engagement of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) without significant stimulation of cortisol, prolactin, ACTH, or other off-target hormones — a […]
Humanin: A Mitochondria-Encoded Cytoprotective Micropeptide Research summary. Humanin is a 24-amino-acid micropeptide encoded by a small open reading frame within the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. It was discovered in 2001 by Hashimoto, Niikura, and colleagues working in the laboratory of Ikuo Nishimoto, who identified the peptide in a screen for factors protecting cells from […]
hGH Fragment 176-191: The Lipolytic C-Terminal Domain of Growth Hormone Research summary. hGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the C-terminal domain of human growth hormone, specifically residues 176 through 191. The fragment contains the structural region of the parent hormone associated with its lipolytic (fat-mobilising) activity, while lacking the regions responsible […]
Hexarelin: A Potent GHRP with Distinct Cardiac Activity Research summary. Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue developed by Romano Deghenghi and colleagues at Mediolanum Farmaceutici in the early 1990s. It is one of the more potent members of the GHRP family at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), and its distinctive feature within […]
Gonadorelin (GnRH): The Hypothalamic Master Regulator of Reproductive Hormones Research summary. Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the hypothalamic decapeptide that controls anterior-pituitary secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Native GnRH is released in pulsatile fashion from hypothalamic neurons and is the apex regulator of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. […]
L-Glutathione (GSH): The Cellular Master Antioxidant Tripeptide Research summary. L-Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is the most abundant non-protein thiol in mammalian cells and the principal endogenous antioxidant in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus. Glutathione is biosynthesised in essentially all nucleated cells through a two-step ATP-dependent pathway […]
Retatrutide: A GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon Triple Receptor Agonist Research summary. Retatrutide (development code LY3437943) is a synthetic peptide engineered as a unimolecular triple receptor agonist at the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR), the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Developed by Eli Lilly, it represents the next progression in the multi-receptor incretin agonist class […]
Tirzepatide: A GIP/GLP-1 Dual Receptor Agonist Research summary. Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide engineered as a unimolecular dual agonist at the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Developed by Eli Lilly and approved by the U.S. FDA as Mounjaro (for type 2 diabetes) and Zepbound (for chronic weight management), […]
GLP-2 / GLP-3 Research Blend: Notes on Multi-Receptor Incretin Combinations Research summary. "GLP-2 / GLP-3 Blend" is a research-context naming convention that tends to appear in the research-peptide market more than in the formal scientific literature. The terminology is not standardised: GLP-2 has a precise scientific meaning (the 33-amino-acid intestinotrophic peptide encoded alongside GLP-1 in […]
Semaglutide: A Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Research summary. Semaglutide is a long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), engineered for once-weekly subcutaneous administration through a combination of amino-acid substitutions and a C18 fatty-acid acylation chain that supports albumin binding. Developed by Novo Nordisk, it is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for type 2 […]
GHRH: The Hypothalamic Master Regulator of Growth Hormone Secretion Research summary. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is the principal hypothalamic peptide that drives growth hormone (GH) synthesis and pulsatile release from anterior pituitary somatotrophs. It was characterised in 1982 by the laboratory of Roger Guillemin from human pancreatic-tumour ectopic GHRH and is the foundation of the […]
GHRP-6: A Hexapeptide Growth Hormone Secretagogue with CD36 Engagement Research summary. GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6) is a synthetic hexapeptide and one of the founding members of the GHRP class developed by Bowers and colleagues at Tulane University in the 1980s. Like its sister molecule GHRP-2, it engages the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) — […]
GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin): A Synthetic Growth Hormone Secretagogue Research summary. GHRP-2 (Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 2), also known by the development name pralmorelin, is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue. It belongs to the pioneering class of GHRPs developed by Cyril Bowers and colleagues at Tulane University in the late 1970s and 1980s — work that ultimately […]
GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide-1): The Copper-Bound Form of GHK Research summary. GHK-Cu is the copper-bound complex of the naturally occurring tripeptide GHK (Gly-His-Lys). It was identified by Loren Pickart in the 1970s as the bioactive form responsible for many of the regenerative properties attributed to GHK in human plasma. The copper ion is bound at the […]
GHK: A Naturally Occurring Tripeptide of Tissue Repair and Genomic Modulation Research summary. GHK (Gly-His-Lys) is a tripeptide that occurs naturally in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It was first isolated and characterised by Pickart and colleagues in the 1970s. Plasma GHK levels decline substantially with age — from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 […]
FOXO4-DRI: A Retro-Inverso Senolytic Peptide Research summary. FOXO4-DRI (Drug Retro-Inverso) is a synthetic D-amino-acid peptide designed to selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells. The molecule was developed in the laboratory of Peter de Keizer and reported in Cell in 2017 in a study that became one of the most-cited references in the senolytic-peptide field. Its […]
Follistatin-344: A Precursor Isoform Studied in Muscle and Metabolic Research Research summary. Follistatin-344 (FST-344) is a 344-amino-acid glycoprotein precursor produced by the FST gene. In native biology, it is processed proteolytically to yield the mature circulating forms, principally FST-315 and FST-288. The 344-residue form retains a 29-residue signal peptide that is cleaved during secretion. In […]
Follistatin-315: A Circulating Activin-Binding Protein Studied in Muscle and Fibrosis Research Research summary. Follistatin is a secreted glycoprotein originally isolated from ovarian follicular fluid as a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) inhibitor. It exists in two principal isoforms generated by alternative splicing — Follistatin-315 (FST-315) and Follistatin-288 (FST-288) — together with a 300-residue proteolytic intermediate. FST-315 is […]
Epithalon (Epitalon): A Tetrapeptide Studied in Telomerase, Melatonin, and Aging Research Research summary. Epithalon (also written Epitalon, Epithalone) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG) developed in the 1980s by the laboratory of Vladimir Khavinson in Russia as a synthetic counterpart to a polypeptide pineal-gland extract called Epithalamin. It is one of the most extensively studied […]
DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide): A Nonapeptide of the Stress and Sleep Axis Research summary. Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring nonapeptide first isolated in the 1970s by the laboratory of Marcel Monnier and Guido Schoenenberger at the University of Basel, who observed that cerebral venous blood from sleeping rabbits contained a factor capable […]
DNSP-11: A GDNF-Derived Peptide Studied in Dopaminergic Research Research summary. DNSP-11 (Dopamine Neuron Stimulating Peptide-11) is an 11-amino-acid amidated peptide derived from the proregion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It was developed and characterised by the Gash and Gerhardt laboratories at the University of Kentucky as a smaller, more deliverable alternative to full-length […]
Cortagen: A Cortex-Tropic Tetrapeptide Bioregulator Research summary. Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, AEDP) belonging to the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator family. As its name suggests, the peptide has been studied primarily for effects on cortical neural tissue and the broader central nervous system, with reported activity in nerve regeneration, neuroinflammation, and oxidative-stress models in rodents. […]
CJC-1295 with DAC: A Long-Acting GHRH Analogue with Drug Affinity Complex Research summary. CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) modified to extend its plasma half-life from minutes to days through covalent attachment to serum albumin. The "DAC" (Drug Affinity Complex) variant carries a maleimidopropionic acid linker that reacts irreversibly with cysteine-34 […]
Chonluten: A Tripeptide Bioregulator with Pulmonary Tropism Research summary. Chonluten is a synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly, EDG) belonging to the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator family. It is reported in the source literature to have selective effects on bronchial mucosal tissue, with secondary activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Like other members of its family, it is studied as […]
Cerebrolysin: A Porcine-Derived Neuropeptide Preparation Research summary. Cerebrolysin is a parenteral neuropeptide preparation manufactured from porcine brain tissue through a controlled enzymatic breakdown process. Unlike single-molecule peptides, Cerebrolysin is a defined mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from CNS tissue, designed to recapitulate the neurotrophic activity of endogenous brain growth factors. The […]
Cartalax: A Tripeptide Bioregulator Studied in Connective and Renal Tissue Research summary. Cartalax (Ala-Glu-Asp, AED) is a synthetic tripeptide member of the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator family. It is one of the shorter members of the family — composed of just three amino acids — and is reported in the source literature to have effects on […]
Cardiogen: A Cardiac-Tropic Tetrapeptide Bioregulator Research summary. Cardiogen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) belonging to the family of short peptide bioregulators developed by the Khavinson laboratory. As with other members of this family, it is reported to act in a tissue-selective manner — in this case on cardiac tissue, with effects on cardiomyocyte and fibroblast […]
CagriSema: A Fixed-Dose Cagrilintide–Semaglutide Combination Research summary. CagriSema is a fixed-dose combination of two long-acting peptide hormones developed by Novo Nordisk: cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analogue) and semaglutide (a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist). The combination engages two anatomically and pharmacologically distinct appetite-regulating circuits in a single weekly subcutaneous dose, with the goal of producing greater […]
Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analogue for Metabolic Research Research summary. Cagrilintide (development code AM833) is a long-acting synthetic analogue of human amylin developed by Novo Nordisk. Amylin is a 37-amino-acid peptide co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells; it slows gastric emptying, suppresses post-prandial glucagon secretion, and promotes satiety through engagement of receptors in the area […]
Bronchogen: A Tetrapeptide Bioregulator Studied in Pulmonary Tissue Research summary. Bronchogen is a four-amino-acid synthetic peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, AEDL) that belongs to the family of "short peptide bioregulators" developed and characterised by the laboratory of Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. The bioregulator concept holds that very short peptides — typically […]
BAM-15: A Selective Mitochondrial Uncoupler for Metabolic Research Research summary. BAM-15 is a synthetic small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore — a selective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. It is not a peptide; it is included in peptide-research catalogues because of its prominence in the broader landscape of metabolic research compounds. By dissipating the proton gradient across the inner […]
B7-33: A Functionally Selective Single-Chain Relaxin Analogue Research summary. B7-33 is a synthetic single-chain peptide derived from the B-chain of human H2-relaxin. Engineered by the Hossain laboratory at the Florey Institute, it was designed to capture the anti-fibrotic activity of native H2-relaxin while simplifying production and biasing receptor signalling away from the cAMP pathway, which […]
Astressin-B: A Long-Acting CRF Receptor Antagonist Studied in Stress-Linked Hair Cycling Research summary. Astressin-B is a synthetic peptide antagonist of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor family, with non-selective activity at both CRF₁ and CRF₂ receptor subtypes. It was developed as a research tool for probing peripheral CRF signalling, and it became widely cited in the […]
ARA-290 (Cibinetide): A Non-Erythropoietic EPO-Derived Tissue-Protective Peptide Research summary. ARA-290, also known as cibinetide, is an 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the aqueous-exposed face of helix B of erythropoietin (EPO). It was engineered to retain the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of EPO while losing its haematopoietic (red-blood-cell-stimulating) activity. The peptide acts at the innate repair receptor […]
AOD9604: A Modified hGH Fragment Studied for Lipolytic Activity Research summary. AOD9604 is a synthetic hexadecapeptide derived from the C-terminal lipolytic domain of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically residues 177–191, with an added N-terminal tyrosine to improve stability. It was originally developed as an anti-obesity candidate by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals in Australia. The molecule retains hGH's […]
AICAR: An AMPK Activator at the Intersection of Metabolism and Inflammation Research summary. AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside) is a small-molecule purine nucleoside analogue rather than a true peptide. It is taken up by cells through adenosine transporters, phosphorylated intracellularly to ZMP (the 5'-monophosphate form), and acts as a direct allosteric activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). […]
Adipotide (FTPP): A Vasculature-Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide Research summary. Adipotide — also referred to as FTPP (Fat-Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide) — is a synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic engineered to selectively trigger apoptosis in the vasculature supporting white adipose tissue. Rather than acting on adipocytes themselves, the molecule disrupts the capillary network that perfuses fat depots, leading to reductions […]
# BPC-157: A Pentadecapeptide Studied in Tissue Repair and Cytoprotection **Research summary.** BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a stable fragment of a larger protein originally isolated from human gastric juice. The Sikiric laboratory in Zagreb, Croatia, has produced the most extensive body of preclinical work on the molecule over […]